Skip to content

2
2019
Commit 556b4eb9 authored by Alexandre Delanoë's avatar Alexandre Delanoë
Browse files
Options

[Typo] name of folder.

parent dc85b2d1
Hide whitespace changes
Inline Side-by-side
Showing with 1184 additions and 4 deletions
.gitmodules
View file @ 556b4eb9
[submodule "RaimbaultJuste"] [submodule "RaimbaultJuste"]
path = RaimbaultJuste path = RaimbaultJuste
url = https://github.com/JusteRaimbault/SpatialComplexity.git url = https://github.com/JusteRaimbault/SpatialComplexity.git
[submodule "DelayeEtienne"]
path = DelayeEtienne
url = https://github.com/ElCep/introductionSIG_osgeo
DelayEtienne/.gitignore 0 → 100644
View file @ 556b4eb9
## Core latex/pdflatex auxiliary files:
*.aux
*.lof
*.log
*.lot
*.fls
*.out
*.toc
*.fmt
*.fot
*.cb
*.cb2
.*.lb
## Intermediate documents:
*.dvi
*.xdv
*-converted-to.*
# these rules might exclude image files for figures etc.
# *.ps
# *.eps
# *.pdf
## Generated if empty string is given at "Please type another file name for output:"
.pdf
## Bibliography auxiliary files (bibtex/biblatex/biber):
*.bbl
*.bcf
*.blg
*-blx.aux
*-blx.bib
*.run.xml
## Build tool auxiliary files:
*.fdb_latexmk
*.synctex
*.synctex(busy)
*.synctex.gz
*.synctex.gz(busy)
*.pdfsync
## Build tool directories for auxiliary files
# latexrun
latex.out/
## Auxiliary and intermediate files from other packages:
# algorithms
*.alg
*.loa
# achemso
acs-*.bib
# amsthm
*.thm
# beamer
*.nav
*.pre
*.snm
*.vrb
# changes
*.soc
# comment
*.cut
# cprotect
*.cpt
# elsarticle (documentclass of Elsevier journals)
*.spl
# endnotes
*.ent
# fixme
*.lox
# feynmf/feynmp
*.mf
*.mp
*.t[1-9]
*.t[1-9][0-9]
*.tfm
#(r)(e)ledmac/(r)(e)ledpar
*.end
*.?end
*.[1-9]
*.[1-9][0-9]
*.[1-9][0-9][0-9]
*.[1-9]R
*.[1-9][0-9]R
*.[1-9][0-9][0-9]R
*.eledsec[1-9]
*.eledsec[1-9]R
*.eledsec[1-9][0-9]
*.eledsec[1-9][0-9]R
*.eledsec[1-9][0-9][0-9]
*.eledsec[1-9][0-9][0-9]R
# glossaries
*.acn
*.acr
*.glg
*.glo
*.gls
*.glsdefs
# gnuplottex
*-gnuplottex-*
# gregoriotex
*.gaux
*.gtex
# htlatex
*.4ct
*.4tc
*.idv
*.lg
*.trc
*.xref
# hyperref
*.brf
# knitr
*-concordance.tex
# TODO Comment the next line if you want to keep your tikz graphics files
*.tikz
*-tikzDictionary
# listings
*.lol
# makeidx
*.idx
*.ilg
*.ind
*.ist
# minitoc
*.maf
*.mlf
*.mlt
*.mtc[0-9]*
*.slf[0-9]*
*.slt[0-9]*
*.stc[0-9]*
# minted
_minted*
*.pyg
# morewrites
*.mw
# nomencl
*.nlg
*.nlo
*.nls
# pax
*.pax
# pdfpcnotes
*.pdfpc
# sagetex
*.sagetex.sage
*.sagetex.py
*.sagetex.scmd
# scrwfile
*.wrt
# sympy
*.sout
*.sympy
sympy-plots-for-*.tex/
# pdfcomment
*.upa
*.upb
# pythontex
*.pytxcode
pythontex-files-*/
# tcolorbox
*.listing
# thmtools
*.loe
# TikZ & PGF
*.dpth
*.md5
*.auxlock
# todonotes
*.tdo
# vhistory
*.hst
*.ver
# easy-todo
*.lod
# xcolor
*.xcp
# xmpincl
*.xmpi
# xindy
*.xdy
# xypic precompiled matrices
*.xyc
# endfloat
*.ttt
*.fff
# Latexian
TSWLatexianTemp*
## Editors:
# WinEdt
*.bak
*.sav
# Texpad
.texpadtmp
# LyX
*.lyx~
# Kile
*.backup
# KBibTeX
*~[0-9]*
# auto folder when using emacs and auctex
./auto/*
*.el
# expex forward references with \gathertags
*-tags.tex
# standalone packages
*.sta
DelayEtienne/LICENSE 0 → 100644
View file @ 556b4eb9
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 3, 29 June 2007
Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <https://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for
software and other kinds of works.
The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast,
the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to
share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free
software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use the
GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to
any other work released this way by its authors. You can apply it to
your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you
want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
free programs, and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you
these rights or asking you to surrender the rights. Therefore, you have
certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software, or if
you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same
freedoms that you received. You must make sure that they, too, receive
or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they
know their rights.
Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps:
(1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License
giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it.
For the developers' and authors' protection, the GPL clearly explains
that there is no warranty for this free software. For both users' and
authors' sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as
changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to
authors of previous versions.
Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run
modified versions of the software inside them, although the manufacturer
can do so. This is fundamentally incompatible with the aim of
protecting users' freedom to change the software. The systematic
pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for individuals to
use, which is precisely where it is most unacceptable. Therefore, we
have designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the practice for those
products. If such problems arise substantially in other domains, we
stand ready to extend this provision to those domains in future versions
of the GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of users.
Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents.
States should not allow patents to restrict development and use of
software on general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish to
avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program could
make it effectively proprietary. To prevent this, the GPL assures that
patents cannot be used to render the program non-free.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
0. Definitions.
"This License" refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License.
"Copyright" also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of
works, such as semiconductor masks.
"The Program" refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this
License. Each licensee is addressed as "you". "Licensees" and
"recipients" may be individuals or organizations.
To "modify" a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the work
in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the making of an
exact copy. The resulting work is called a "modified version" of the
earlier work or a work "based on" the earlier work.
A "covered work" means either the unmodified Program or a work based
on the Program.
To "propagate" a work means to do anything with it that, without
permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for
infringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it on a
computer or modifying a private copy. Propagation includes copying,
distribution (with or without modification), making available to the
public, and in some countries other activities as well.
To "convey" a work means any kind of propagation that enables other
parties to make or receive copies. Mere interaction with a user through
a computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not conveying.
An interactive user interface displays "Appropriate Legal Notices"
to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible
feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2)
tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to the
extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the
work under this License, and how to view a copy of this License. If
the interface presents a list of user commands or options, such as a
menu, a prominent item in the list meets this criterion.
1. Source Code.
The "source code" for a work means the preferred form of the work
for making modifications to it. "Object code" means any non-source
form of a work.
A "Standard Interface" means an interface that either is an official
standard defined by a recognized standards body, or, in the case of
interfaces specified for a particular programming language, one that
is widely used among developers working in that language.
The "System Libraries" of an executable work include anything, other
than the work as a whole, that (a) is included in the normal form of
packaging a Major Component, but which is not part of that Major
Component, and (b) serves only to enable use of the work with that
Major Component, or to implement a Standard Interface for which an
implementation is available to the public in source code form. A
"Major Component", in this context, means a major essential component
(kernel, window system, and so on) of the specific operating system
(if any) on which the executable work runs, or a compiler used to
produce the work, or an object code interpreter used to run it.
The "Corresponding Source" for a work in object code form means all
the source code needed to generate, install, and (for an executable
work) run the object code and to modify the work, including scripts to
control those activities. However, it does not include the work's
System Libraries, or general-purpose tools or generally available free
programs which are used unmodified in performing those activities but
which are not part of the work. For example, Corresponding Source
includes interface definition files associated with source files for
the work, and the source code for shared libraries and dynamically
linked subprograms that the work is specifically designed to require,
such as by intimate data communication or control flow between those
subprograms and other parts of the work.
The Corresponding Source need not include anything that users
can regenerate automatically from other parts of the Corresponding
Source.
The Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is that
same work.
2. Basic Permissions.
All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of
copyright on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated
conditions are met. This License explicitly affirms your unlimited
permission to run the unmodified Program. The output from running a
covered work is covered by this License only if the output, given its
content, constitutes a covered work. This License acknowledges your
rights of fair use or other equivalent, as provided by copyright law.
You may make, run and propagate covered works that you do not
convey, without conditions so long as your license otherwise remains
in force. You may convey covered works to others for the sole purpose
of having them make modifications exclusively for you, or provide you
with facilities for running those works, provided that you comply with
the terms of this License in conveying all material for which you do
not control copyright. Those thus making or running the covered works
for you must do so exclusively on your behalf, under your direction
and control, on terms that prohibit them from making any copies of
your copyrighted material outside their relationship with you.
Conveying under any other circumstances is permitted solely under
the conditions stated below. Sublicensing is not allowed; section 10
makes it unnecessary.
3. Protecting Users' Legal Rights From Anti-Circumvention Law.
No covered work shall be deemed part of an effective technological
measure under any applicable law fulfilling obligations under article
11 of the WIPO copyright treaty adopted on 20 December 1996, or
similar laws prohibiting or restricting circumvention of such
measures.
When you convey a covered work, you waive any legal power to forbid
circumvention of technological measures to the extent such circumvention
is effected by exercising rights under this License with respect to
the covered work, and you disclaim any intention to limit operation or
modification of the work as a means of enforcing, against the work's
users, your or third parties' legal rights to forbid circumvention of
technological measures.
4. Conveying Verbatim Copies.
You may convey verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you
receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and
appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice;
keep intact all notices stating that this License and any
non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply to the code;
keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and give all
recipients a copy of this License along with the Program.
You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey,
and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee.
5. Conveying Modified Source Versions.
You may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to
produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under the
terms of section 4, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
a) The work must carry prominent notices stating that you modified
it, and giving a relevant date.
b) The work must carry prominent notices stating that it is
released under this License and any conditions added under section
7. This requirement modifies the requirement in section 4 to
"keep intact all notices".
c) You must license the entire work, as a whole, under this
License to anyone who comes into possession of a copy. This
License will therefore apply, along with any applicable section 7
additional terms, to the whole of the work, and all its parts,
regardless of how they are packaged. This License gives no
permission to license the work in any other way, but it does not
invalidate such permission if you have separately received it.
d) If the work has interactive user interfaces, each must display
Appropriate Legal Notices; however, if the Program has interactive
interfaces that do not display Appropriate Legal Notices, your
work need not make them do so.
A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent
works, which are not by their nature extensions of the covered work,
and which are not combined with it such as to form a larger program,
in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an
"aggregate" if the compilation and its resulting copyright are not
used to limit the access or legal rights of the compilation's users
beyond what the individual works permit. Inclusion of a covered work
in an aggregate does not cause this License to apply to the other
parts of the aggregate.
6. Conveying Non-Source Forms.
You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms
of sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the
machine-readable Corresponding Source under the terms of this License,
in one of these ways:
a) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product
(including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by the
Corresponding Source fixed on a durable physical medium
customarily used for software interchange.
b) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product
(including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by a
written offer, valid for at least three years and valid for as
long as you offer spare parts or customer support for that product
model, to give anyone who possesses the object code either (1) a
copy of the Corresponding Source for all the software in the
product that is covered by this License, on a durable physical
medium customarily used for software interchange, for a price no
more than your reasonable cost of physically performing this
conveying of source, or (2) access to copy the
Corresponding Source from a network server at no charge.
c) Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of the
written offer to provide the Corresponding Source. This
alternative is allowed only occasionally and noncommercially, and
only if you received the object code with such an offer, in accord
with subsection 6b.
d) Convey the object code by offering access from a designated
place (gratis or for a charge), and offer equivalent access to the
Corresponding Source in the same way through the same place at no
further charge. You need not require recipients to copy the
Corresponding Source along with the object code. If the place to
copy the object code is a network server, the Corresponding Source
may be on a different server (operated by you or a third party)
that supports equivalent copying facilities, provided you maintain
clear directions next to the object code saying where to find the
Corresponding Source. Regardless of what server hosts the
Corresponding Source, you remain obligated to ensure that it is
available for as long as needed to satisfy these requirements.
e) Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission, provided
you inform other peers where the object code and Corresponding
Source of the work are being offered to the general public at no
charge under subsection 6d.
A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is excluded
from the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need not be
included in conveying the object code work.
A "User Product" is either (1) a "consumer product", which means any
tangible personal property which is normally used for personal, family,
or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or sold for incorporation
into a dwelling. In determining whether a product is a consumer product,
doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of coverage. For a particular
product received by a particular user, "normally used" refers to a
typical or common use of that class of product, regardless of the status
of the particular user or of the way in which the particular user
actually uses, or expects or is expected to use, the product. A product
is a consumer product regardless of whether the product has substantial
commercial, industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent
the only significant mode of use of the product.
"Installation Information" for a User Product means any methods,
procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to install
and execute modified versions of a covered work in that User Product from
a modified version of its Corresponding Source. The information must
suffice to ensure that the continued functioning of the modified object
code is in no case prevented or interfered with solely because
modification has been made.
If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or
specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as
part of a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the
User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a
fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the
Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied
by the Installation Information. But this requirement does not apply
if neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install
modified object code on the User Product (for example, the work has
been installed in ROM).
The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a
requirement to continue to provide support service, warranty, or updates
for a work that has been modified or installed by the recipient, or for
the User Product in which it has been modified or installed. Access to a
network may be denied when the modification itself materially and
adversely affects the operation of the network or violates the rules and
protocols for communication across the network.
Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided,
in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly
documented (and with an implementation available to the public in
source code form), and must require no special password or key for
unpacking, reading or copying.
7. Additional Terms.
"Additional permissions" are terms that supplement the terms of this
License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions.
Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall
be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent
that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions
apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately
under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by
this License without regard to the additional permissions.
When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option
remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of
it. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own
removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place
additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work,
for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you
add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of
that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms:
a) Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the
terms of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or
b) Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or
author attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal
Notices displayed by works containing it; or
c) Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material, or
requiring that modified versions of such material be marked in
reasonable ways as different from the original version; or
d) Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors or
authors of the material; or
e) Declining to grant rights under trademark law for use of some
trade names, trademarks, or service marks; or
f) Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of that
material by anyone who conveys the material (or modified versions of
it) with contractual assumptions of liability to the recipient, for
any liability that these contractual assumptions directly impose on
those licensors and authors.
All other non-permissive additional terms are considered "further
restrictions" within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you
received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is
governed by this License along with a term that is a further
restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains
a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this
License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms
of that license document, provided that the further restriction does
not survive such relicensing or conveying.
If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you
must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the
additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating
where to find the applicable terms.
Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the
form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions;
the above requirements apply either way.
8. Termination.
You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly
provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or
modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under
this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third
paragraph of section 11).
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright
holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means
prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same
material under section 10.
9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.
You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or
run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work
occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission
to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However,
nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or
modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do
not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a
covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.
10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.
Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically
receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and
propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible
for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.
An "entity transaction" is a transaction transferring control of an
organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an
organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered
work results from an entity transaction, each party to that
transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever
licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could
give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the
Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if
the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.
You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the
rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may
not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of
rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation
(including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that
any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for
sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.
11. Patents.
A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this
License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The
work thus licensed is called the contributor's "contributor version".
A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims
owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or
hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted
by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version,
but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a
consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For
purposes of this definition, "control" includes the right to grant
patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of
this License.
Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free
patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to
make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and
propagate the contents of its contributor version.
In the following three paragraphs, a "patent license" is any express
agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent
(such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to
sue for patent infringement). To "grant" such a patent license to a
party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a
patent against the party.
If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license,
and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone
to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a
publicly available network server or other readily accessible means,
then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so
available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the
patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner
consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent
license to downstream recipients. "Knowingly relying" means you have
actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the
covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work
in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that
country that you have reason to believe are valid.
If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or
arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a
covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties
receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify
or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license
you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered
work and works based on it.
A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within
the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is
conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are
specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered
work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is
in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment
to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying
the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the
parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory
patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work
conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily
for and in connection with specific products or compilations that
contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement,
or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a
covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may
not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you
to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey
the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this
License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single
combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this
License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work,
but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License,
section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the
combination as such.
14. Revised Versions of this License.
The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General
Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the
option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered
version or of any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the
GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published
by the Free Software Foundation.
If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's
public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you
to choose that version for the Program.
Later license versions may give you additional or different
permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
later version.
15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM
IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
16. Limitation of Liability.
IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGES.
17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
copy of the Program in return for a fee.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
<program> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands
might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you
may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
Public License instead of this License. But first, please read
<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html>.
DelayEtienne/README.md 0 → 100644
View file @ 556b4eb9
# introductionSIG_osgeo
\ No newline at end of file
DelayEtienne/tp_qgis.tex 0 → 100644
View file @ 556b4eb9
\documentclass[a4paper, 11pt]{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[francais]{babel}
\usepackage{authblk}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\usepackage{subfigure}
\title{Une (trop) rapide introduction à Qgis}
\author[123]{Etienne Delay}
\affil[1]{1 CIRAD UPR GREEN, F-34398 Montpellier, France}
\affil[2]{GREEN, CIRAD, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier France}
\affil[3]{Laboratoire GEOLAB UMR 6042 CNRS, Universit\'e de Limoges, FLSH. 39E rue Camille Gu\'erin, 87036 Limoges, France}
%\date{} %% if you don't need date to appear
\begin{document}
\maketitle
Ce document est disponible sur github\footnote{Lien vers les sources du document : \url{https://github.com/ElCep/introductionSIG_osgeo}, consulté le 14 janvier 2019}
\section{Installation de Qgis}
Qgis est devenu ces dernières années l'outil libre (sous licence GNU-GPL) le plus polyvalent en cartographie, interfacé avec par exemple GRASS-GIS et SAGA-GIS qui sont des librairies de calcul très puissantes sur des rasters, ou encore la possibilité de se connecter à des bases de données relationnelles (postgreSQL-postgis, oracle, ...).
La grande nouveauté est également dans le portage de Qgis vers une solution serveur (ce qui veut dire que vous pourrez facilement créer des cartes dynamiques en ligne, pour peu que vous ayez un serveur), le développement d'une solution légère de consultation (qgis browser), et d'une version androïd (pour tablettes et mobiles) !
Pour travailler, vous commencerez donc par installer Qgis sur votre machine. Le type d'installation va dépendre du système d'exploitation que vous avez sur votre machine.
Pour Linux c'est le plus facile (distributions Fedora, Ubuntu, debian, openSuse, Rhel, CebtOS, Scientific Linux, Mandriva, Archlinux), des packages sont disponibles dans vos dépôts et vous pouvez suivre les instructions.
Pour Mac, KyngChaos (un gentil contributeur) a longtemps fourni les sources compilées, mais aujourd'hui pour la version OS 10.11 (El Capitain et plus récent) vous pouvez télécharger un fichier.dmg directement sur le site de QGis en suivant scrupuleusement les informations contenues dans le fichier "Read Me" sur le disque image.
Pour Windows, vous devez choisir l'architecture de votre processeur (32 bit ou 64 bit), mais pas de crainte, si vous ne téléchargez pas le bon, il ne s'installera pas. Je vous conseille plus que vivement d'utiliser l'installateur OSGeo4W (OSgeo for Windows) qui va vous permettre d'installer davantage de dépendances. Cependant, dans certaines situations, vous ne pourrez installer Qgis qu'avec l'installateur indépendant... donc il faudra expérimenter!
\section{Premiers contacts}
\subsection{Qgis un logiciel incubé par l'OSGeo}
\subsection{Quoi de neuf dans Qgis3 ?}
QGis 3\footnote{La présentation de Jean-Marie Arsac aux rencontres QGIS 2017 a servi de base à cette section. Vous pouvez retrouver la présentation sur github : \url{https://github.com/OSGeo-fr/QGIS-user-fr/blob/master/2017/presentations/01_matin/01_Azimuth_nouveautes_QGIS_3.pdf}, consulté le 15 janvier 2018} est une réécriture complète du logiciel passant ainsi de Pyhton2\footnote{Qgis utilisait notement Python 2.7.5-2 qui n'avait pas évolué depuis 2010} à Python3 et de Qt4\footnote{Qt4 était problématique sur MacOS et les dérivés de Debian, tandis que Qt5 est bien mieux supporté et tire partie des écrans rétina, et supporte la mobilité} à Qt5. Cette rupture était nécessaire, car ces deux librairies étaient vieillissantes et menacées de ne plus être maintenues sur un grand nombre de systèmes.
Aujourd’hui, dans la version LTR\footnote{Vous pouvez jeter un coup d'oeil sur la Road Map du projet QGIS : \url{https://www.qgis.org/en/site/getinvolved/development/roadmap.html} consulté le 15 janvier.} (\textit{long-term release}) est la version 3.4. Si un grand nombre d'extensions ont été portées dans la nouvelle API, la majorité est restée bloquée en 2.X.
Mais remettre à plat le code en passant à Python3 voulait dire remettre aussi à plat l'API (\textit{application programming interface}) et potentiellement casser toutes les extensions. Or, Qgis avec les années est devenu LA porte d'entrée sur une constellation d'outils de traitement de données géospatiales, donc le danger de rompre la communauté était grand.
On notera des nouveautés dans l'interface (fig. \ref{fig:qgis3-interfaces}), mais également dans le coeur du logiciel, refactoring du C\#, un éditeur de \textit{Dublin core}, l'intégration de GeoNode. Le composeur d'impression a été réécrit pour mieux gérer la mise en page (nouveaux symboles, nouveaux algorithmes de coloriage, de non-chevauchement).
Pour l'interface avec les bases de données, postgreSQL et SQLite sont très bien supportés (avec des request de mise-à-jour régulières). Enfin, je voulais attirer votre attention sur un nouveau format par défaut baptisé GPKG qui vise à s'extraire du format \textit{legacy} ESRI qu'est le \textit{shapefile}.
\begin{figure} %%%script issu de script/map_surfaces_viticole_mondiale.R
\centering
\subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{img/interface_qgis1}\label{fig:qgis31}}
\subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{img/interface_qgis2}\label{fig:qgis32}}\\
\subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{img/interface_qgis3}\label{fig:qgis33}}
\subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{img/interface_qgis4}\label{fig:qgis34}}
\caption{Quelques captures de l'interface de QGIS3. Sur la figure \subref{fig:qgis31} on constate l'ajout d'une barre de recherche dans les propriétés de la couche, en
\subref{fig:qgis32} la possibilité d'exporter la carte rapidement sans passer par le composeur d'impression, \subref{fig:qgis33} Le support du multi-point-de-vue et
\subref{fig:qgis34} le support de la 3D}
\label{fig:qgis3-interfaces}
\end{figure}
\subsection{Quelles données sont lisibles ?}
Vous pouvez afficher et superposer des couches de données rasters et vecteurs dans différents formats et projections sans avoir à faire de conversion dans un format commun. Les formats supportés incluent :
\begin{itemize}
\item les tables spatiales et les vues PostGIS, SpatiaLite, MSSQL Spatial et Oracle Spatial, les formats vecteurs supportés par la bibliothèque OGR installée, ce qui inclut les Shapefiles ESRI , MapInfo, SDTS, GML et beaucoup d’autres, voir section les données vectorielles.
\item les formats raster supportés par la bibliothèque GDAL (Geospatial Data Abstraction Library) tels que GeoTiff, Erdas img., ArcInfo ascii grid, JPEG, PNG et beaucoup d’autres, voir section Les données raster.
\item les outils de Traitements QGIS pour lancer, depuis QGIS, des centaines d’algorithmes natifs ou provenant d’applications tierces, voir section Introduction du chapitre sur les Outils de traitements.
\item les formats raster et vecteurs provenant des bases de données GRASS.
\item les données spatiales provenant des services réseaux OGC comme le WMS, WMTS, WCS, WFS, WFS-T, etc.
\item les données OpenStreetMap.
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Charger et afficher les couches raster ou vecteur depuis le jeu de données test}
\begin{itemize}
\item Cliquez sur l’icône gestionnaire des sources open-data (CTRL+L) \includegraphics[width=1.5cm]{img/qgis_gestionnaire_de_sources}.
\item La boite de dialogue s'ouvre (fig \ref{fig:boiteDialogueSource}) et vous permet de choisir le type de données à ouvrir. Pour les données vecteur et raster "Fichier" devrait être sélectionné comme Type de source dans la fenêtre. Vous pouvez inscrire le chemin dans le menu ou utiliser le bouton \texttt{...} pour parcourir l'arborescence.
\item Parcourez le dossier où vous avez téléchargé les données du cours, sélectionnez le fichier "departement\_geofla" et cliquez sur [Ouvrir], et enfin, dans la boîte de dialogue Ajouter une couche vecteur, cliquez sur [OK].
\item Zoomez sur une zone de votre choix (molette de la souris ou outils de zoom).
\item Double-cliquez sur la couche \texttt{departement\_geofla} dans la liste des couches pour ouvrir la fenêtre; ou clique-droit et Propriété des couches (fig. \ref{fig:boiteDialoguePropriete}).
\item Cliquez sur l’onglet Style et sélectionnez le bleu comme couleur de remplissage.
\item Cliquez sur l’onglet Étiquettes et sélectionnez \texttt{étiquettes simples}(fig. \ref{fig:boiteDialogueEtiquette}) pour permettre l’étiquetage des entités. Choisissez le champ intitulé NOM\_DEP comme champ d’étiquetage.
\item Pour améliorer la lisibilité des étiquettes, vous pouvez ajouter un halo autour d’elles, en cliquant sur “Tampon” dans la liste à gauche puis sur checkbox Affiche un tampon. Choisissez 3 comme taille du tampon.
Cliquez sur \texttt{[Appliquez]} pour vérifier si le résultat est satisfaisant et enfin cliquez sur \texttt{[OK]}.
\end{itemize}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{img/bd_sources}\label{fig:boiteDialogueSource}}
\subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{img/bd_proprieteCOuche}\label{fig:boiteDialoguePropriete}}\\
\subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{img/bd_remplissage}\label{fig:boiteDialogueRemplissage}}
\subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{img/bd_etiquette}\label{fig:boiteDialogueEtiquette}}
\caption{Les boites de dialogue. \subref{fig:boiteDialogueSource} pour ajouter une couche, pour modifier les propriétés de la couche \subref{fig:boiteDialoguePropriete}, \subref{fig:boiteDialogueRemplissage}, et les étiquettes \subref{fig:boiteDialogueEtiquette}}
\label{fig:qgis3-dialogues1}
\end{figure}
Pour charger des couches raster vous utiliserez le bouton couche raster, la démarche est relativement similaire.
Vous pouvez constater combien il est facile d’afficher des couches dans QGIS. La carte produite est loin d'être belle, mais tout fonctionne (fig. \ref{fig:carte1})!
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{img/carte_france1}
\caption{Une première carte de France}\label{fig:carte1}
\end{figure}
\section{Ma première analyse thématique}
Le minimum que l'on demande à un outil de géomatique est de faire des analyses thématiques. En repartant du travail que vous avez effectué à la couche précédente, nous vous proposons donc deux choses :
\begin{itemize}
\item intégrer de nouvelles données "intéressantes" à cette couche avec une belle jointure de table.
\item faire une analyse thématique sur ces données nouvellement intégrées.
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Analyse thématique}
\subsubsection{Importer des données non géographiques}\label{part:chargerData}
Pour effectuer une jointure de table dans Qgis, il faut dans un premier temps ouvrir la couche vectorielle (nous garderons ici les départements de la base geofla de l'IGN qui sous "licence ouverte" version 1.0 ), puis, de la même manière qu'on ouvre une couche vectorielle, on peut ouvrir une table de données (csv, odb, xls) en prenant soin de rendre visible tout les fichiers dans la fenêtre de sélection. Vous avez un fichier CSV, vous pouvez choisir le "Texte Délimité" pour le charger en temps que table. Comme c'est une couche sans géométrie (comprendre de la donnée textuelle sans lien spatial), il faudra le spécifier dans \texttt{Définition de la géométrie}.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{img/gestionnaire_de_couches}\label{fig:interfaceCouches}}
\subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{img/prop_table}\label{fig:boiteDialogueProprieteTable}}\\
\subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{img/convertion_int}\label{fig:converttion_int}}
\subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{img/bd_jointure}\label{fig:boiteDialoguejointure}}
\caption{Les boites de dialogue. \subref{fig:boiteDialogueSource} pour ajouter une couche, pour modifier les propriétés de la couche \subref{fig:boiteDialoguePropriete}, \subref{fig:boiteDialogueRemplissage}, et les étiquettes \subref{fig:boiteDialogueEtiquette}}
\label{fig:qgis3-dialogues1}
\end{figure}
Les deux documents apparaissent en temps que couche dans l'interface prévue à cet effet (fig. \ref{fig:interfaceCouches}). Il faut maintenant vérifier que vous avez deux tables qui seront assemblables (fig. \ref{fig:boiteDialogueProprieteTable}). Pour cela, outre le fait d'avoir une colonne similaire (ce qui est le minimum quand on cherche à joindre deux tables), il faut vérifier que le champ à assembler est bien de la même nature (on cherchera à avoir des caractères avec des caractères, des entiers avec des entiers, des numériques avec des numériques...). On accède à cette donnée dans les propriétés de la couche (fig. \ref{fig:qgis3-dialogues1}).
On a accès à la nature de la couche en double-cliquant sur celle-ci (ou en effectuant un clic-droit et sélectionnant "propriété de la couche"), et en se rendant dans le menu "champs". Pour la couche \texttt{bio2008} on voit donc que tous les champs sont considérés comme des entiers.
La même vérification pour la couche "département\_geofla" nous montre que la colonne sur laquelle on veut effectuer la jointure est une chaîne de caractères (string). Il faut donc la convertir pour plus de sécurité. C'est ce que nous ferons dans la section suivante.
\subsubsection{modifier/mettre à jour un champ de la table attributaire}
La modification d'un champ se fait en ouvrant la table attributaire \includegraphics[width=0.5cm]{img/mActionOpenTable} de la couche \texttt{département\_geofla}
et en la rendant modifiable avec \includegraphics[width=0.5cm]{img/mActionToggleEditing}. Vous allez ensuite utiliser la calculatrice de champs \includegraphics[width=0.5cm]{img/calcul_champ}.
Vous pouvez alors créer un nouveau champ en remplissant son nom et définissant son type, sa longueur et sa précision.
Il faudra ensuite définir l'opération à effectuer sur ce champ. Cela s'effectue dans la partie basse de la fenêtre (partie "Expression"). Vous pouvez alors inscrire directement la requête si vous connaissez la syntaxe ou bien vous appuyez sur la liste des fonctions juste au-dessus, en vous aidant de la liste des opérateurs ... (fig. \ref{fig:converttion_int})
Vous pouvez ensuite valider avec OK et revenir à l'interface de la carte.
Vous noterez qu'il y a une erreur due à la présence des deux départements de Corse qui sont A1 et A2. Vous devez supprimer la Corse de la carte (nous n'en aurons pas besoin), ou modifier les code\_dep et les transformer en chiffre (par exemple 999).
Pour supprimer la Corse, il faut :
Rester en mode édition de la carte \includegraphics[width=0.5cm]{img/mActionOpenTable} sélectionner les deux départements avec l’outil sélection \includegraphics[width=0.5cm]{img/mActionSelectRectangle}, en maintenant la touche "Shift" enfoncée, puis en cliquant sur les deux départements de Corse. Ils deviennent alors jaunes. Vous pouvez les supprimer avec \includegraphics[width=0.5cm]{img/mActionDeleteSelected}. Vous pouvez recommencer l'étape précédente :-) .
Il faut maintenant enregistrer votre travail. Vous pouvez soit sauvegarder les modifications sur la couche departement\_geofla, soit faire une sauvegarde sous un autre nom et ainsi conserver la couche initiale propre.
L'enregistrement de la couche s'effectue en faisant un clic droit sur la couche et en sélectionnant sauvegarder.
\subsubsection{La jointure en elle-même}
Pour faire une jointure, vous allez dans les propriétés de la couche spatiale dans laquelle vous voulez importer des données, et dans le menu jointure, vous cliquez sur le "+" en bas de la fenêtre. Vous pouvez alors renseigner les couches à joindre et les champs sur lesquels faire la jointure. Dans cet exemple, vous joignez la couche "bio2008" sur le champ "id\_departement" avec le champ que vous avez créé à l'étape (fig. \ref{fig:boiteDialoguejointure}).
\subsubsection{L'analyse thématique}
Une fois la jointure effectuée, on va faire immédiatement une analyse thématique sur les données que nous venons de joindre. Vous pourrez faire une analyse thématique très simplement si vous avez normalisé les données de la table attributaire (par exemple en travaillant sur des proportions).
Mais comme nous sommes sur des valeurs absolues, et que Bertin est un type bien, il faudrait utiliser des symboles proportionnels à la valeur quantitative absolue.
Pour ça, il faut aller dans les propriétés de la couche, puis dans "Style". Là, on peut ajouter un symbole avec le "+" en bas de la fenêtre et choisir remplissage de centroïde. Cela fait apparaitre des points rouges dans la partie couche de symbole. Vous sélectionnez "Marker", symbole simple.
Là, vous voulez définir une taille proportionnelle. Pour cela vous allez cocher la box en face de "Taille" et modifier le menu en cliquant sur les "..." . Cela va permettre de rentrer une fonction pour les tailles proportionnelles. Vous pouvez alors directement effectuer des opérations sur le champ.
Vous allez transformer la valeur du champ \texttt{bio2008\_Producteurs} en entier (par sécurité) avec l'expression \texttt{to\_int("bio2008\_Producteurs")}
puis Ok pour valider (fig \ref{fig:symbolesProp}).
Astuce : il peut y avoir quelques conflits entre les polygones des départements et les cercles proportionnels. Afin d'éviter cela vous pouvez rendre transparent le remplissage des polygones de cette couche et ouvrir une nouvelle couche des départements en-dessous.
et voilà le résultat (fig.\ref{fig:carte_symbole})!
\begin{figure}
\centering
\subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{img/symbolesProp.png}\label{fig:symbolesProp}}\\
\subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{img/carte_france2.png}\label{fig:carte_symbole}}
\caption{Des symboles proportionnels}\label{fig:analyseThematique}
\end{figure}
\section{Traitements à partir de rasters}
Qgis est capable de traiter des images raster grâce à un certain nombre de librairies qui sont embarquées. Nous allons ici effectuer quelques traitements à partir de données altitudinales.
Mettons-nous en situation. Vous travaillez dans un bureau d'études spécialisé dans les études d'impact environnemental. Un client vous a missionné pour implanter une éolienne sur un territoire.
Vous n'avez pas beaucoup d'argent, vous allez donc essayer de vous débrouiller avec des données libres et gratuites ! La première chose à faire est de télécharger un modèle numérique de terrain (MNT ou DTM digital Terrain Model en anglais). Par chance, la mission SRTM propose gratuitement des données de MNT pour le monde entier avec une résolution de 90 mètres.
Vous pouvez les télécharger sur le site \url{http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/,} mais je vous ai téléchargé les tuiles pour le Limousin dans le fichier de données (\texttt{srtm\_37\_03} et \texttt{srtm\_37\_04}).
\subsection{Prépéarer la donnée}
Vous pouvez ouvrir les tuiles sur Qgis et vous constaterez qu'elles sont en projection WGS84. Or, nous travaillons en France en projection Lambert 93. Vous constatez aussi que le Limousin est à cheval sur deux tuiles (surtout le sud de la Corrèze). Le premier travail va donc consister à assembler les deux raster, les reprojeter en Lambert 93 et les découper en suivant les contours du Limousin.
\subsubsection{Assembler des raster}
Vous avez chargé les deux raster dans Qgis (même méthode que dans la section \ref{part:chargerData}). Pour les assembler de manière efficace, sans pour autant prendre de la place sur le disque dur, et faciliter le chargement (que des avantages !), on peut créer un raster virtuel (dans le menu Raster -> Divers -> construire un raster virtuelraster virtuel).
Après avoir choisi les raster en entrée et les méthodes d'échantillonnage si les raster avaient des résolutions différentes vous pouvez enregistrer le raster virtuel dans un fichier ou le garder en cache pour un travail temporaire dans Qgis.
Astuce : Vous noterez que la construction d'un raster virtuel utilise une fonction de la librairie gdal. Chaque fois que vous renseignez un champ, la partie texte s'allonge et vous permet de voir comment se constitue cette fonction gdalbuildvrt (fig. \ref{fig:buildvr}).
\subsubsection{Reprojeter des raster}
Le raster virtuel se comporte comme un raster normal, tandis que si vous allez dans le dossier où vous l'avez créé, vous constaterez que ce n'est qu'un fichier texte qui permet à Qgis d'assembler mécaniquement les deux rasters, et de les considérer comme une seule entité.
Ce raster est toujours en projection WGS84, et nous voudrions le reprojeter en Lambert 93. Pour cela vous allez utiliser l'outil reprojectionreprojection qui se trouve dans le menu Raster-> Projections -> Projection).
Vous avez plusieurs rasters ouverts, il faudra choisir dans le menu les rasters à reprojeter, s'il n'y en a qu'un, il sera disponible immédiatement. Vous allez devoir définir la projection en entrée (SRC Source), avec Sélections vous pouvez partir à la recherche de la projection WGS84.
Vous spécifiez la projection en sortie (SRC sortie) et vous sélectionnez, de la même manière que pour l'entrée, la projection Lambert 93 (EPSG:2154\footnote{EPSG pour \textit{European Petroleum Survey Group}, défini une liste des systèmes de coordonnées géoréférencées et leur a associé des codes pour les identifier. Ces codes sont notamment utilisés dans les standards de l'Open Geospatial Consortium}).
Si vous avez plusieurs cœurs sur votre ordinateur, et que le raster est pesant, vous pouvez envoyer l'action en multithread et valider
\begin{figure}
\centering
\subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{img/bd_gdalbuildvr}\label{fig:buildvr}}\\
\subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{img/bd_decoupeRaster}\label{fig:decoupraster}}
\caption{Des symboles proportionnels}\label{fig:analyseThematique}
\end{figure}
\subsubsection{Découper le raster en fonction d’un polygone}
Vous avez maintenant besoin d'ouvrir la couche polygone du Limousin que je vous ai préparée en plus d'un raster reprojeté. La découpe du raster en fonction d'un polygone se fait dans le menu Raster -> Extraction -> Découper une raster selon une couche de masque) .
Sélectionner le raster en entrée, le raster en sortie. Vous pouvez ensuite sélectionner la découpe du raster avec une emprise rectangulaire (en fournissant les coordonnées) ou avec une couche de masquage (fig. \ref{fig:decoupraster}).
Nous allons effectuer la seconde solution (couche de masquage) avec la couche de polygone Limousin. Ensuite, validez et vous obtenez en sortie une belle découpe bien projetée (fig. \ref{fig:carte_limousin_decoup})!
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{img/rasterLimousin}
\caption{Raster découpé selon un polygone}\label{fig:carte_limousin_decoup}
\end{figure}
\subsubsection{Calcul sur rasters : exemple de co-visibilité}
Je vous ai préparé également un dossier shapefile qui contient un point pour situer la zone d'implantation éolienne. Vous devez avoir ouvert maintenant dans Qgis le Limousin, et le point nommé héol.shp .
Il existe plusieurs solutions pour faire des calculs de co-visibilité dans Qgis. On peut utiliser GRASS-GIS en tant qu'extension et on peut aussi utiliser GRASS-GIS ou SAGA-GIS dans Sextante (depuis la version 2.0.X). Comme nous travaillons sur la version 3, nous allons utiliser les outils Sextante. Pour les activer, accédez au menu Traitement -> boite à outils, faisant apparaitre une boite à outils sur la droite de l'interface. Vous chercherez la fonction \texttt{r.viewshed} .
Renseignez ensuite sur quelle couche de MNT l'algorithme va calculer, la position du champ d'éoliennes, la taille de l'objet (ici nos éoliennes), j'ai choisi 20m, la distance maximum à laquelle on peut voir l'objet (constater une nuisance), enfin la résolution à laquelle va travailler GRASS.
Vous pouvez sauvegarder le résultat sous forme d'un raster ou simplement le garder en mémoire tampon.
Vous n'avez plus qu'à faire tourner l'algorithme... pour produire la figure \ref{fig:carte_limousin_covisibilite}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{img/rViewshed}
\caption{Carte de co-visibilité}\label{fig:carte_limousin_covisibilite}
\end{figure}
Attention ce calcul ne tient compte que du relief. Si nous voulions tenir compte de la forêt (ce qui serait intéressant), il aurait fallu découper les zones boisées à partir d'Openstreetmap ou de données Corine land cover, les transformer en raster et ajouter 4 à 5 mètres au MNT à toutes les zones boisées...
\end{document}
DelayeEtienne @ 29e39734
Subproject commit 29e397345142996040fe2e0dad141bf45e1bdd53
Markdown is supported
0% or
You are about to add 0 people to the discussion. Proceed with caution.
Finish editing this message first!
Please register or to comment